django

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Django is a high-level Python web framework that enables rapid development of secure and maintainable websites. It provides a robust set of tools and patterns for building web applications, solving common web development challenges such as database management, URL routing, form handling, and user authentication.

At its core, Django follows the model-template-view (MTV) architectural pattern:

• Models: Defined in …/models, models represent the data structure and handle database interactions. Django's Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) allows developers to work with databases using Python code instead of SQL.

• Templates: Located in …/template, the template engine renders dynamic HTML by combining data with predefined templates. It supports template inheritance, filters, and custom tags.

• Views: Found in …/views, views process requests and return responses. They interact with models to fetch data and pass it to templates for rendering.

Django's URL dispatcher, implemented in …/urls, maps URLs to views. It supports both simple patterns and complex regex-based routing. The URL Routing and Resolution section provides more details on this process.

The framework includes a powerful forms library (…/forms) for handling HTML forms, data validation, and cleaning. It integrates tightly with the ORM, allowing automatic form generation from model definitions. The Forms and Data Validation section explores this functionality further.

Django's built-in admin interface (…/admin) provides a ready-to-use interface for managing application data. It's highly customizable and can be extended to fit specific needs. The Admin Interface section delves into its implementation and customization options.

Security is a primary concern in Django. The framework includes built-in protection against common web vulnerabilities such as cross-site scripting (XSS), cross-site request forgery (CSRF), SQL injection, and clickjacking. These security features are primarily implemented in …/middleware and …/core. The Security Features section provides an in-depth look at these protections.

Django's caching framework (…/cache) offers flexible caching strategies to improve application performance. It supports various backends including in-memory, file-based, and distributed caches like Memcached.

The framework also provides robust internationalization and localization support through its translation system in …/translation. This allows developers to create multilingual websites with minimal effort.

Django's design philosophy emphasizes the principle of "Don't Repeat Yourself" (DRY), encouraging code reuse and separation of concerns. It also follows the "batteries included" approach, providing a comprehensive set of tools out of the box while remaining flexible enough to allow integration with third-party libraries when needed.

URL Routing and Resolution

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References: django/urls

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Django's URL routing and resolution system is implemented primarily in the …/urls package. The core functionality revolves around mapping incoming URL requests to the appropriate view functions and generating URLs for named views.

URL Configuration

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References: django/urls/conf.py

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Django's URL configuration system provides flexible and powerful tools for defining URL patterns and mapping them to views. The main functions for this purpose are path(), re_path(), and include().

URL Resolution

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References: django/urls/resolvers.py, django/urls/base.py

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URL resolution in Django is primarily handled by the URLResolver class in …/resolvers.py. The resolve() method of this class takes a URL path as input and returns a ResolverMatch object if the URL can be successfully matched to a view function.

URL Reversing

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References: django/urls/base.py

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URL reversing in Django is handled primarily by the reverse() function in …/base.py. This function generates a URL for a named view, allowing developers to create dynamic URLs without hardcoding paths. Key aspects of URL reversing include:

Custom URL Converters

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References: django/urls/converters.py

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Custom URL converters in Django allow developers to define their own URL parameter types and conversion logic. The …/converters.py module provides the foundation for creating and using these converters.

URL-related Exceptions

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References: django/urls/exceptions.py

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Django's URL handling system raises two main exceptions:

Template Engine Architecture

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References: django/template/backends

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Django's template engine architecture is built around the BaseEngine class defined in …/base.py. This class serves as the foundation for all template engine implementations, providing essential methods and functionality:

Template Loading

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References: django/template/loaders

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Django's template loading system is implemented in the …/loaders directory. The system provides flexibility in loading templates from various sources:

Template Context and Rendering

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References: django/template/context.py, django/template/base.py

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Template context management and rendering in Django are primarily handled by classes in …/context.py and …/base.py.

Template Tags and Filters

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References: django/template/defaulttags.py, django/template/defaultfilters.py

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Django's template system provides a rich set of built-in tags and filters for manipulating and displaying data in templates. These are primarily defined in …/defaulttags.py and …/defaultfilters.py.

Template Inheritance and Inclusion

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References: django/template/loader_tags.py

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Template inheritance and inclusion in Django are implemented through the BlockNode, ExtendsNode, and IncludeNode classes in …/loader_tags.py.

Template Responses

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References: django/template/response.py

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Django handles template-based HTTP responses through the SimpleTemplateResponse and TemplateResponse classes in …/response.py. These classes extend HttpResponse to provide template rendering capabilities.

Form Classes and Fields

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References: django/forms/forms.py, django/forms/fields.py

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Django's form handling is primarily implemented through the Form class, which uses the DeclarativeFieldsMetaclass to collect form fields defined on the class and its base classes. The BaseForm class provides the core form logic, including methods for data management, validation, and rendering.

Form Rendering

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References: django/forms/renderers.py, django/forms/templates/django/forms

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Django provides several options for rendering forms as HTML through its template system. The core rendering functionality is implemented in the …/forms directory.

Form Validation and Cleaning

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References: django/forms/forms.py, django/forms/fields.py

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Form validation and cleaning in Django is primarily handled by the BaseForm class in …/forms.py. The process involves several key steps:

Model Forms

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References: django/forms/models.py

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ModelForm provides a powerful way to automatically generate forms from Django model definitions. The ModelFormMetaclass creates ModelForm classes based on the specified model and options. Key features include:

Formsets

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References: django/forms/formsets.py, django/forms/templates/django/forms/formsets

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Formsets in Django allow managing multiple related forms on a single page. The BaseFormSet class in …/formsets.py serves as the foundation for all formsets. Key components include:

Form Widgets

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References: django/forms/widgets.py, django/forms/templates/django/forms/widgets

Django's form widgets are responsible for rendering HTML input elements used in forms. The Widget class serves as the base for all HTML widgets, providing methods like format_value(), get_context(), render(), and value_from_datadict(). Subclasses can override these methods to customize widget behavior.

ORM Core Components

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References: django/db/models

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The Model class in …/base.py serves as the foundation for all Django database models. It provides core functionality for creating, saving, deleting, and querying model instances. The ModelBase metaclass handles model creation, setting up options and fields, and managing inheritance.

Query Generation and Execution

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References: django/db/models/sql

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The Query class in …/query.py is the central component for SQL query generation and execution in Django's ORM. It manages various parts of an SQL query, including SELECT, WHERE, and JOIN clauses.

Database Backend Implementations

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References: django/db/backends

Django supports multiple database backends through a modular architecture implemented in the …/backends directory. Each backend provides specific implementations for interacting with different database systems:

Migration System

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References: django/db/migrations

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The MigrationExecutor class in …/executor.py is the central component for executing database migrations. It handles loading migrations, creating migration plans, and applying or unapplying migrations. Key features include:

Database Functions and Expressions

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References: django/db/models/functions

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Django's ORM provides a rich set of database functions and expressions for complex queries and data manipulation. The …/functions directory contains various modules implementing these capabilities:

User Authentication

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References: django/contrib/auth/views.py, django/contrib/auth/forms.py

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Django's authentication system provides built-in views and forms for handling user login, logout, and password management functionality.

User Model and Permissions

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References: django/contrib/auth/models.py, django/contrib/auth/management

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The User model in Django's authentication system is implemented as a subclass of AbstractUser, which provides a fully featured user model with admin-compliant permissions. The User class is defined in …/models.py.

Password Validation and Hashing

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References: django/contrib/auth/password_validation.py, django/contrib/auth/hashers.py

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Password validation and hashing in Django are handled by two main modules: django.contrib.auth.password_validation and django.contrib.auth.hashers.

Authentication Backends

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References: django/contrib/auth/backends.py

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Django's authentication backends provide a flexible system for customizing user authentication. The BaseBackend class serves as the foundation for all authentication backends.

Middleware and Decorators

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References: django/contrib/auth/middleware.py, django/contrib/auth/decorators.py

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Django provides authentication-related middleware and decorators for request processing and view protection. The AuthenticationMiddleware sets request.user and request.auser attributes based on the current session and authentication state. For web-server-provided authentication, RemoteUserMiddleware handles usernames passed in the REMOTE_USER header, while PersistentRemoteUserMiddleware maintains authentication even if the header is absent.

Admin Site Configuration

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References: django/contrib/admin/sites.py

The AdminSite class in …/sites.py is the core component for configuring and customizing the Django admin interface. It provides methods for:

ModelAdmin Customization

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References: django/contrib/admin/options.py

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The ModelAdmin class provides extensive customization options for the Django admin interface. Key methods include:

Admin Views and Templates

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References: django/contrib/admin/views, django/contrib/admin/templates

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The Django admin interface relies on several core views and templates to render its functionality:

Admin Widgets and Forms

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References: django/contrib/admin/widgets.py, django/contrib/admin/forms.py

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Django's admin interface utilizes custom form widgets and specialized form handling to enhance the user experience and provide advanced functionality. The widgets.py file contains a variety of custom form widgets tailored for the admin interface:

Admin Actions and Filters

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References: django/contrib/admin/actions.py, django/contrib/admin/filters.py

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Admin actions and list filters in Django's admin interface provide powerful tools for managing data efficiently.

Admin Utilities and Helpers

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References: django/contrib/admin/utils.py, django/contrib/admin/helpers.py

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The Django admin interface utilizes various utility functions and helper classes to streamline common tasks and enhance functionality. These utilities are primarily defined in …/utils.py and …/helpers.py.

Cache Middleware

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References: django/middleware/cache.py

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Django's cache middleware improves performance by caching responses and fetching cached responses. It consists of three main classes:

Security Middleware

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References: django/middleware/clickjacking.py, django/middleware/csrf.py, django/middleware/security.py

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Django provides several security-related middleware components to enhance application security:

Common Middleware

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References: django/middleware/common.py

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Django's CommonMiddleware class in …/common.py handles several common tasks:

Compression and Conditional GET Middleware

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References: django/middleware/gzip.py, django/middleware/http.py

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Django provides middleware for compressing responses and handling conditional GET requests, improving performance and reducing bandwidth usage.

Internationalization Middleware

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References: django/middleware/locale.py

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The LocaleMiddleware class handles language selection and internationalization for incoming requests and outgoing responses. Key functionality includes:

Translation Functions

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References: django/utils/translation/__init__.py

Django's translation functions are implemented in …/__init__.py. The core functionality includes:

Language Detection and Activation

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References: django/utils/translation/trans_real.py

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Django's language detection and activation system is implemented in …/trans_real.py. The process involves:

Template Translation

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References: django/utils/translation/template.py

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Django's template translation functionality is primarily handled by the templatize() function in …/template.py. This function processes Django templates and generates equivalent gettext function calls for internationalization. The process involves:

Translation Reloading

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References: django/utils/translation/reloader.py

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Django's translation reloading mechanism allows for dynamic updates to translations without requiring a server restart. This functionality is implemented in …/reloader.py.

Static File Configuration

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References: django/contrib/staticfiles/apps.py, django/contrib/staticfiles/storage.py

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Django's static file handling is configured through the StaticFilesConfig class in …/apps.py. This class sets up the application name, verbose name, and ignore patterns for static files. It also registers checks for finders and storages to ensure proper configuration.

Static File Discovery

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References: django/contrib/staticfiles/finders.py

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Django's static file discovery system is implemented primarily through the BaseFinder class and its subclasses in …/finders.py. The main finders are:

Serving Static Files

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References: django/contrib/staticfiles/views.py, django/contrib/staticfiles/handlers.py

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Django provides mechanisms for serving static files during development and production environments. The serve() function in …/views.py is the primary method for serving static files during development. It operates as follows:

Management Commands

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References: django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands

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Django provides management commands for handling static files through the django.contrib.staticfiles app. The key commands are:

CSRF Protection

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References: django/middleware/csrf.py, django/core/checks/security/csrf.py

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Django's CSRF protection is primarily implemented through the CsrfViewMiddleware class in …/csrf.py. This middleware handles the core CSRF protection logic:

Clickjacking Protection

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References: django/middleware/clickjacking.py

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Django provides built-in protection against clickjacking attacks through the XFrameOptionsMiddleware class in …/clickjacking.py. This middleware sets the X-Frame-Options HTTP header in responses to prevent the page from being displayed in a frame on another site.

Password Management

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References: django/contrib/auth/hashers.py, django/contrib/auth/password_validation.py

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Django's password management system provides robust hashing and validation mechanisms for secure user authentication. The core functionality is implemented in two main modules:

Content Security Policy

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References: django/middleware/security.py

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Django does not provide built-in support for Content Security Policy (CSP) headers in its core middleware. The SecurityMiddleware class in …/security.py focuses on other security features like HTTPS redirection, HSTS, and X-Content-Type-Options, but does not implement CSP.

Security Checks

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References: django/core/checks/security/base.py

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Django provides a set of built-in security checks to identify potential vulnerabilities in applications. These checks are implemented in …/base.py and cover various security aspects:

Cache Backends

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References: django/core/cache/backends

Django provides several cache backend implementations to suit different application needs:

Cache API

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References: django/core/cache/__init__.py, django/core/cache/utils.py

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Django's caching framework provides a simple API for storing and retrieving Python objects identified by string keys. The core functionality is implemented in …/__init__.py.

Cache Configuration

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References: django/core/cache/__init__.py

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Django's cache configuration is handled primarily through the CacheHandler class in …/__init__.py. This class manages the creation and access of cache backend connections based on the CACHES setting in the Django project's configuration.

Template Engine

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References: django/template

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Django's template system is implemented primarily in the …/template directory. The core components include:

Template Syntax and Rendering

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References: django/template/base.py

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Django's template system is built around the Template class, which handles compilation and rendering. The process involves several key steps:

Node and NodeList

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References: django/template/base.py

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The Node class is the fundamental building block of Django's template structure. It represents a single element within a template, such as a variable, tag, or text block. Node objects are organized into a tree structure, with each node potentially having child nodes.

Context and Variable Handling

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References: django/template/base.py

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The Context class manages the context data for template rendering. It stores variables and their values in a dictionary-like structure, allowing for nested contexts through its push() and pop() methods. This enables the creation of scoped variable environments during template rendering.

Template Debugging and Error Handling

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References: django/template/base.py

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Django's template system provides robust error handling and debugging capabilities to assist developers in identifying and resolving issues in their templates. The Template class in …/base.py is responsible for compiling and rendering templates, and it includes mechanisms for capturing and reporting errors during these processes.

Forms and Data Validation

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References: django/forms

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Django's form handling and data validation capabilities are primarily implemented in the …/forms directory. The core components are:

Form Rendering

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References: django/forms/renderers.py

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Django's form rendering system is built around the BaseRenderer class in …/renderers.py. This abstract base class defines the interface for form and formset rendering, specifying default template names for forms, formsets, and fields.

Form Fields and Widgets

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References: django/forms

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Django provides a rich set of form fields and widgets for handling various types of data input and display. The core functionality is implemented in …/fields.py and …/widgets.py.

Form Validation

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References: django/forms

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Django's form validation process is implemented primarily in the Form class defined in …/forms.py. The validation occurs when the is_valid() method is called on a form instance. This method triggers a series of checks:

Form Processing

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References: django/forms

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Form processing in Django is primarily handled by the Form class defined in …/forms.py. The key steps in form processing are:

Database Abstraction Layer

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References: django/db

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Django's Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) system is implemented in the …/db directory. The core functionality is provided by the following components:

Database Connection Management

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References: django/db/backends/base/base.py

The BaseDatabaseWrapper class in …/base.py serves as the foundation for managing database connections in Django. It provides a common interface for interacting with various database backends, handling connection lifecycle, transaction management, and query execution.

Database Operations

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References: django/db/backends/base/operations.py

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The BaseDatabaseOperations class in …/operations.py serves as the foundation for database-specific operations in Django's ORM. It defines a set of methods for handling various database tasks:

Model Definition and Fields

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References: django/db/models/base.py, django/db/models/fields

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Django models are defined as Python classes that inherit from django.db.models.Model. The ModelBase metaclass in …/base.py handles the creation of model classes, setting up options, creating exceptions, and managing inheritance.

Relationships and Related Objects

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References: django/db/models/fields/related.py, django/db/models/fields/reverse_related.py

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Django's model relationships are implemented through specialized field classes in …/related.py:

Query Construction and Execution

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References: django/db/models

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Django's ORM provides a powerful abstraction layer for constructing and executing database queries. The QuerySet class in …/query.py is the primary interface for interacting with the database.

Model Operations and Migrations

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References: django/db/migrations/operations/models.py

In …/models.py, a variety of operations can be performed on Django models to reflect changes in the database schema. These operations are encapsulated in classes that extend the functionality of the ModelOperation base class. For instance, CreateModel and DeleteModel allow for the creation and deletion of models within a migration, enabling developers to evolve their database schema over time.

Function-Based Database Expressions

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References: django/db/models/functions/comparison.py

Function-based database expressions in Django's ORM facilitate the manipulation of data through SQL functions directly within queries. These expressions are particularly useful for tasks such as type casting, conditional aggregation, and the construction of JSON objects, with each function tailored to ensure compatibility across different database backends.

Authentication and Authorization

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References: django/contrib/auth

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Django's authentication and authorization system is implemented primarily in the …/auth directory. The system provides functionality for user authentication, permissions, and group management.

User Authentication

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References: django/contrib/auth/__init__.py, django/contrib/auth/backends.py, django/contrib/auth/base_user.py

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In …/__init__.py, the user authentication process is facilitated by the authenticate() function, which serves as the primary entry point. This function delegates to the configured authentication backends, attempting to verify a user's identity based on the provided credentials. If successful, it returns a user object; otherwise, it returns None. The asynchronous counterpart, aauthenticate(), provides similar functionality for use in asynchronous workflows.

User Permissions and Authorization

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References: django/contrib/auth/models.py, django/contrib/auth/backends.py

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Django's permission and authorization system is built around the Permission, Group, and User models, which are found in …/models.py. The Permission model defines individual permissions with a name, content_type, and codename, and is managed by PermissionManager. Permissions are granular actions that users can be allowed to perform, such as adding or changing a model instance.

Authentication Backends

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References: django/contrib/auth/backends.py

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In Django's authentication system, the …/backends.py file plays a crucial role by defining the mechanisms for user authentication. The BaseBackend class serves as a template for creating custom authentication backends, ensuring a consistent interface across different authentication methods.

Middleware for Authentication

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References: django/contrib/auth/middleware.py

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The AuthenticationMiddleware plays a pivotal role in associating the current user with each request. It leverages get_user() to retrieve the user from the session and assigns it to request.user. This middleware is essential for any subsequent process that requires user information.

Authentication Decorators

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References: django/contrib/auth/decorators.py

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In Django, view-level permissions are enforced through a set of decorators located in …/decorators.py. These decorators serve as gatekeepers, determining access to views based on user authentication and authorization.

User Management

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References: django/contrib/auth/models.py, django/contrib/auth/base_user.py

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In …/models.py, the management of user accounts is facilitated through several key classes. The User model serves as the primary entity for user accounts, providing fields for storing user information and flags for account status. It is accompanied by the UserManager, which offers methods for creating user instances, including both regular and superuser accounts.

Authentication Signals

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References: django/contrib/auth/__init__.py

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In Django, the authentication process is facilitated by a set of signals that allow for communication between different parts of the application during user authentication events. These signals are defined in …/__init__.py and are crucial for executing custom logic when users log in or log out.

Custom User Models

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References: django/contrib/auth/models.py, django/contrib/auth/base_user.py

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Django's authentication framework provides a default User model, which is suitable for many use cases. However, developers often need to extend or replace this model to accommodate custom user data or behavior. This is facilitated by the AbstractBaseUser class found in …/base_user.py, which serves as a base for creating custom user models.

Admin Interface

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References: django/contrib/admin

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The AdminSite class in …/sites.py is the core of Django's admin interface. It provides methods to:

Admin Interface Overview

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References: django/contrib/admin

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Django's automatic admin interface provides a powerful and extensible framework for managing application data. The core functionality is implemented in the …/admin directory.

Admin Templates

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References: django/contrib/admin/templates

The Django admin interface uses a variety of templates to render forms for user authentication, password management, and other administrative tasks. These templates are located in the …/admin and …/registration directories.

Admin Actions

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References: django/contrib/admin/actions.py

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Admin actions allow performing operations on multiple objects selected in the change list view. The delete_selected action is provided by default, enabling bulk deletion of selected objects.

Changelist Views

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References: django/contrib/admin/views/main.py

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The ChangeList class in …/main.py manages the display and functionality of the admin interface's list view. It handles:

Admin Forms

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References: django/contrib/admin/forms.py

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The AdminAuthenticationForm extends Django's AuthenticationForm to provide custom authentication for the admin interface. It overrides the confirm_login_allowed method to enforce additional checks:

Admin Widgets

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References: django/contrib/admin/widgets.py

Custom form widgets in the admin interface enhance the user experience for various field types. The AdminTextareaWidget provides a textarea with customizable rows. AdminTextInputWidget offers a text input field with optional CSS classes.

Admin Decorators

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References: django/contrib/admin/decorators.py

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The register decorator is the primary tool for customizing admin views and actions. It allows developers to register models with the admin site and specify custom options for their display and behavior. Key features include:

Admin Utilities

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References: django/contrib/admin/utils.py

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The utils.py file provides a collection of utility functions and classes for the Django admin interface. Key functionalities include:

Middleware

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References: django/middleware

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Django's middleware framework provides a powerful way to process requests and responses globally across an application. The middleware classes in …/middleware handle various aspects of request/response processing:

Internationalization and Localization

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References: django/utils

Django's internationalization (I18n) and localization (L10n) features are primarily implemented in the …/translation directory. The core functionality is provided by the following components:

Message Translation and Compilation

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References: django/utils, django/core/management/commands/compilemessages.py, django/core/management/commands/makemessages.py

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Django's internationalization framework facilitates the translation of messages within applications. Developers mark strings for translation using functions like gettext, which are then extracted and compiled to be used by the system.

Locale-Specific Formatting

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References: django/utils

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Django provides a set of utilities within …/utils to handle locale-specific formatting, ensuring that dates, times, numbers, and other data are presented in a manner appropriate to the user's locale. The utilities are designed to be flexible and easy to use, supporting a wide range of locales and formats.

Translation Files Management

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References: django/core/management/commands/compilemessages.py, django/core/management/commands/makemessages.py

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Managing and organizing translation files for different languages and regions is facilitated by commands located in …/compilemessages.py and …/makemessages.py. These commands are part of Django's internationalization framework, allowing developers to create and maintain translation files and compile them for use by the application.

Time Zone Handling

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References: django/utils

Django's approach to time zone handling is a critical aspect of its internationalization framework, ensuring that date and time representations are accurate across different locales. The primary utilities for this functionality are located in …/timezone.py. Here, Django provides a set of functions to work with time zone-aware and naive datetime objects.

Language Preference Detection

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References: django/utils

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Django employs a sophisticated mechanism to ascertain a user's language preferences, which is pivotal for creating multilingual websites. The detection process is primarily facilitated by the utilities found in …/translation. Here, Django looks for language information in various places, following a specific order until it finds a suitable language preference.

Internationalization in Templates

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References: django/utils

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Django templates offer a robust system for integrating internationalization, allowing developers to create templates that adapt to different languages and regions. The internationalization process within templates is facilitated by a set of template tags and filters provided by the …/translation module.

Internationalization in JavaScript Code

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References: django/utils

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Django's internationalization framework extends to JavaScript, allowing strings within client-side code to be translated in a similar fashion to server-side text. This is particularly useful for applications that require dynamic content updates without a page reload, ensuring that all parts of the application can be localized.

Translation Catalogs Handling

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References: django/utils/translation/trans_real.py

The DjangoTranslation class plays a pivotal role in the handling of translation catalogs within Django. It extends the capabilities of the gettext_module.GNUTranslations class to accommodate the specific needs of Django's translation system. The class is tasked with initializing and managing the translation catalogs, which involves merging translations from multiple sources such as installed apps and locale paths specified in Django settings.

Testing Internationalization

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References: tests/i18n/test_compilation.py, tests/i18n/test_extraction.py

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In the realm of internationalization, Django provides a robust testing framework to verify the translation and localization aspects of an application. The tests are designed to ensure that messages are correctly extracted and compiled, and that the application behaves as expected in different locales.

Application Configuration

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References: django/apps

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Django manages application configurations through the AppConfig class and the Apps registry. The AppConfig class, defined in …/config.py, represents the configuration of a Django application. It holds metadata such as the application's name, label, and filesystem path.

Static File Handling

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References: django/contrib/staticfiles

Django's static file handling is primarily managed through the django.contrib.staticfiles app. The StaticFilesStorage class, a subclass of FileSystemStorage, provides the standard file system storage for static files using the STATIC_ROOT and STATIC_URL settings.

Static File Finders

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References: django/contrib/staticfiles/finders.py

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Django's static file finders locate static files using various strategies defined in …/finders.py. The module provides several finder classes:

Static File Storage

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References: django/core/files/storage/filesystem.py

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FileSystemStorage is the primary class for handling static file storage in Django. It provides methods for basic file operations:

Static File Management

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References: django/contrib/staticfiles

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Django provides utilities for collecting, serving, and managing static files through the django.contrib.staticfiles app. The collectstatic management command, defined in …/collectstatic.py, gathers static files from various locations and copies them to a single directory for deployment.

Security Features

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References: django/middleware, django/core

Django provides several built-in security features to protect web applications from common vulnerabilities:

Caching

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References: django/core/cache

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Django's caching framework provides a set of cache backends that conform to a simple API, allowing applications to store and retrieve any pickled Python object identified by string keys. The framework is defined in …/__init__.py, which introduces the cache variable as the default cache backend and the caches dict-like object for accessing non-default cache backends.

Signals

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References: django/dispatch

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Django's signal dispatcher provides a way for decoupled applications to get notified when actions occur elsewhere in the framework. The Signal class in …/dispatcher.py is the core component of this system.